Zinc–carbon batteries were the first commercial dry batteries developed from the technology of the wet Leclanché cell. The zinc-carbon battery, also called the Leclanché cell, is a traditional general-purpose dry cell. This cell is used for high-performance AA batteries. Using an iron disulfide cathode gives a battery with a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts. They have the lowest self-discharge rate hence the longest available shelf time, up to 10 years, and in temperatures up to 70. Lithium-based primary cells are batteries that have metallic lithium as an anode. The alkaline cell was introduced to the market in 1959 but did not become more common than the Zinc-carbon cell until around 1980. The alkaline battery gets its name because it has an alkaline electrolyte of potassium hydroxide (KOH) instead of the acidic ammonium chloride (NH 4Cl) or zinc chloride (ZnCl 2) electrolyte of the zinc–carbon batteries. An alkaline battery (IEC code: L) is a type of primary battery that provides direct electric current from the electrochemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide (MnO 2) in the presence of an alkaline electrolyte. Primary cells have higher energy density than the rechargeable secondary cell, but most types of primary cells have high inner impedance and will therefore cause a big voltage drop during high discharge current, limiting the power capacity. These batteries are most commonly used in portable devices with low current drains, are used only intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is only intermittently available. A primary battery or primary cell is a non-rechargeable battery that is designed to be used once discarded after use. The exact terminal voltage, capacity and practical discharge rates depend on cell chemistry however, devices designed for AA cells will usually only take 1.2-1.5 V unless specified by the manufacturer. Several different chemistries are used in their construction. ![]() Types of AA BatteriesĪA batteries are basically divided into primary and secondary. The positive terminal button should be a minimum of 1 mm high and a maximum of 5.5 mm in diameter, and the flat negative terminal should be a minimum diameter of 7 mm.Īlkaline AA cells have a weight of roughly 23 g (0.81 oz), and rechargeable NiMH cells around 31 g (1.1 oz). Dimensions and Weight of AA BatteryĪn AA cell measures 49.2–50.5 mm (1.94–1.99 in) in length, including the button terminal-and 13.5–14.5 mm (0.53–0.57 in) in diameter. ![]() AA batteries are common in portable electronic devices. The AA battery is one of the most common types of single-cell cylindrical batteries. ![]() The fundamental principle in an electrochemical cell is spontaneous redox reactions in two electrodes separated by an electrolyte, which is a substance that is ionic conductive and electrically insulated. A typical battery consists of one or more voltaic cells. This then provides a source of electromotive force to enable currents to flow in electric and electronic circuits. It converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy through an electrochemical process. An electric battery is essentially a source of DC electrical energy.
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